Isaiah 56
56
Salvation for the Just#This poem inaugurates the final section of the Book of Isaiah, often referred to as Third or Trito-Isaiah. While Second or Deutero-Isaiah (Is 40–55) gave numerous references to the hopes of the community of Israel during the Babylonian exile (ca. 587–538 B.C.), Third Isaiah witnesses to the struggles and hoped-for blessings of the postexilic community now back in the homeland of Israel. In this opening poem, the references to “keeping the sabbath” (vv. 2, 4, 6), “holding fast to the covenant” (vv. 4, 6) and “God’s holy mountain” as a house of prayer (v. 7), all tell of the postexilic community that was establishing itself again in the land according to the pattern of God’s word given through the prophet. The poem can be classified as a “prophetic exhortation” in which the prophet gives instruction for those who wish to live according to God’s word and covenant. What is important to note are the conditions placed upon the people of God; while Is 40–55 show an unconditional promise of redemption, these final chapters delineate clear expectations for receiving God’s salvific promises. Both the expectations and the great promises of God will unfold in the succeeding chapters of Third Isaiah.
1#This opening verse echoes themes that are well known throughout the Book of Isaiah: justice and right judgment (1:27; 5:7, 16; 9:6; 16:5; 26:9; 28:17; 32:1, 16; 33:5; 42:1, 4, 6; 45:8, 13, 19), salvation and deliverance (12:3; 26:18; 33:2; 45:8, 21; 46:13; 51:5, 6, 8). These themes will be developed also throughout Third Isaiah. Thus says the Lord:
Observe what is right, do what is just,
for my salvation is about to come,
my justice, about to be revealed.#Is 59:9, 14, 19–20.
2Happy is the one who does this,
whoever holds fast to it:
Keeping the sabbath without profaning it,
keeping one’s hand from doing any evil.#Is 1:13; 58:13–14; Ex 23:12.
Obligations and Promises to Share in the Covenant
3#Eunuchs had originally been excluded from the community of the Lord; cf. Dt 23:2; Neh 13:1–3; Wis 3:14. The foreigner joined to the Lord should not say,
“The Lord will surely exclude me from his people”;
Nor should the eunuch say,
“See, I am a dry tree.”#Dt 23:3–5; Neh 13:1–3.
4For thus says the Lord:
To the eunuchs who keep my sabbaths,
who choose what pleases me,
and who hold fast to my covenant,#Wis 3:14.
5I will give them, in my house
and within my walls, a monument and a name#A monument and a name: literally in Hebrew, “a hand and a name”; a memorial inscription to prevent oblivion for one who had no children; cf. 2 Sm 18:18; Neh 7:5; 13:14.
Better than sons and daughters;
an eternal name, which shall not be cut off, will I give them.
6And foreigners who join themselves to the Lord,
to minister to him,
To love the name of the Lord,
to become his servants—
All who keep the sabbath without profaning it
and hold fast to my covenant,
7#This verse continues the theme of universalism found in Is 49:6. As Israel was to be “a light to the nations” so that God’s “salvation may reach to the ends of the earth,” so now does that come to pass as foreigners, faithful to the divine commands, are brought to the Temple by God and joined to the covenant community of Israel. Them I will bring to my holy mountain
and make them joyful in my house of prayer;
Their burnt offerings and their sacrifices
will be acceptable on my altar,
For my house shall be called
a house of prayer for all peoples.#1 Kgs 8:29–30, 41; Mt 21:13.
8#For the gathering of the dispersed people of Israel, cf. Jer 23:3; 31:8–9; Ez 11:17. Here the Lord not only gathers the displaced of Israel, but also unites other peoples to them. Cf. Is 60:3–10; 66:18–21. Oracle of the Lord God,
who gathers the dispersed of Israel—
Others will I gather to them
besides those already gathered.#Ps 147:2.
Unworthy Shepherds#56:9–57:21] This section is made up of two pronouncements of judgment (56:9–57:2; 57:3–13) and an oracle of salvation (57:14–21), each of which ends with a reversal of imagery and language. While there are harsh indictments against the corrupt leaders of Israel (56:9–12), a promise of peace is offered to those who are just (57:1–2). Then the judgment and its subsequent punishment for idolaters (57:3–13a) change to an announcement of reward for those who place their trust in God (57:13c). And the promises of salvation (57:14–19) then shift to a word of warning to the wicked (57:20–21).
9All you beasts of the field,#Beasts of the field: foreign nations, which are invited to come and ravage Israel.
come to devour,
all you beasts in the forest!#Jer 12:9–10; Ez 34:5.
10#These shepherds of Israel are without “knowledge,” a theme developed earlier in the Isaian corpus; cf. 1:3; 6:9–10. Ezekiel 34 has similar condemnatory words against the unfaithful shepherds of Israel. All the sentinels of Israel are blind,
they are without knowledge;
They are all mute dogs,
unable to bark;
Dreaming, reclining,
loving their sleep.
11Yes, the dogs have a ravenous appetite;
they never know satiety,
Shepherds who have no understanding;
all have turned their own way,
each one covetous for gain:
12“Come, let me bring wine;
let us fill ourselves with strong drink,
And tomorrow will be like today,
or even greater.”#Is 22:13; 28:7; Wis 2:7.
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Isaiah 56
56
The Lord Invites Outsiders to Enter
1 This is what the Lord says,
“Promote#tn Heb “guard”; KJV “Keep”; NAB “Observe”; NASB “Preserve”; NIV, NRSV “Maintain.” justice! Do what is right!
For I am ready to deliver you;
I am ready to vindicate you openly.#tn Heb “for near is my deliverance to enter, and my vindication [or “righteousness”] to be revealed.”
2 The people who do this will be blessed,#tn Heb “blessed is the man who does this.”
the people who commit themselves to obedience,#tn Heb “the son of mankind who takes hold of it.”
who observe the Sabbath and do not defile it,
who refrain from doing anything that is wrong.#tn Heb and who keeps his hand from doing any evil.”
3 No foreigner who becomes a follower of#tn Heb “who attaches himself to.” the Lord should say,
‘The Lord will certainly#tn The infinitive absolute precedes the finite verb for emphasis. exclude me from his people.’
The eunuch should not say,
‘Look, I am like a dried-up tree.’”
4 For this is what the Lord says:
“For the eunuchs who observe my Sabbaths
and choose what pleases me
and are faithful to#tn Heb “and take hold of” (so KJV); NASB “hold fast.” my covenant,
5 I will set up within my temple and my walls a monument#tn Heb “a hand and a name.” For other examples where יָד (yad) refers to a monument, see HALOT 388 s.v.
that will be better than sons and daughters.
I will set up a permanent monument#tn Heb “name” (so KJV, NIV, NRSV). for them that will remain.
6 As for foreigners who become followers of#tn Heb “who attach themselves to.” the Lord and serve him,
who love the name of the Lord and want to be his servants –
all who observe the Sabbath and do not defile it,
and who are faithful to#tn Heb “and take hold of”; NAB “hold to”; NIV, NRSV “hold fast.” my covenant –
7 I will bring them to my holy mountain;
I will make them happy in the temple where people pray to me.#tn Heb “in the house of my prayer.”
Their burnt offerings and sacrifices will be accepted on my altar,
for my temple will be known as a temple where all nations may pray.”#tn Heb “for my house will be called a house of prayer for all the nations.”
8 The sovereign Lord says this,
the one who gathers the dispersed of Israel:
“I will still gather them up.”#tn The meaning of the statement is unclear. The text reads literally, “Still I will gather upon him to his gathered ones.” Perhaps the preposition -לְ (lamed) before “gathered ones” introduces the object of the verb, as in Jer 49:5. The third masculine singular suffix on both עָלָיו (’alayv) and נִקְבָּצָיו (niqbatsayv) probably refers to “Israel.” In this case one can translate literally, “Still I will gather to him his gathered ones.”
The Lord Denounces Israel’s Paganism
9 All you wild animals in the fields, come and devour,
all you wild animals in the forest!
10 All their watchmen#sn The “watchmen” are probably spiritual leaders, most likely prophets and priests, responsible for giving the people moral direction. are blind,
they are unaware.#tn Heb “they do not know”; KJV “they are all ignorant”; NIV “they all lack knowledge.”
All of them are like mute dogs,
unable to bark.
They pant,#tn The Hebrew text has הֹזִים (hozim), which appears to be derived from an otherwise unattested verbal root הָזָה (hazah). On the basis of alleged cognates, BDB 223 s.v. הָזָה offers the definition “dream, rave” while HALOT 243 s.v. הזה lists “pant.” In this case the dog metaphor of the preceding lines continues. The reference to dogs at the beginning of v. 11 favors the extension of the metaphor. The Qumran scroll 1QIsaa has חזים (“seers”) here. In this case the “watchmen” are directly identified as prophets and depicted as lazy. lie down,
and love to snooze.
11 The dogs have big appetites;
they are never full.#sn The phrase never full alludes to the greed of the leaders.
They are shepherds who have no understanding;
they all go their own way,
each one looking for monetary gain.#tn Heb “for his gain from his end.”
12 Each one says,#tn The words “each one says” are supplied in the translation for clarification.
‘Come on, I’ll get some wine!
Let’s guzzle some beer!
Tomorrow will be just like today!
We’ll have everything we want!’#tn Heb “great, [in] abundance, very much,” i.e., “very great indeed.” See HALOT 452 s.v. יֶתֶר.
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